55 3.2 Mouth to the Stomach
Digestion begins in the mouth, both mechanically and chemically. Mechanical digestion is called mastication, or the chewing and grinding of food into smaller pieces. The salivary glands release saliva, mucus, and the enzymes, salivary amylase and lysozyme.
Salivary amylase cleaves the alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds in the starch molecules, amylose and amylopectin. However, salivary amylase cannot cleave the branch points in amylopectin where there are alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds, as shown in the figure below. Overall this enzyme accounts for a minor amount of carbohydrate digestion.
Lysozyme helps break down bacteria cell walls to prevent a possible infection. Another enzyme, lingual lipase, is also released in the mouth. Although it is released in the mouth, it is most active in the stomach where it preferentially cleaves short-chain fatty acids in the sn-3 position. Lingual lipase has a small role in digestion in adults, but may be important for infants to help break down triglycerides in breast milk2.
Swallowing
Now that the food has been thoroughly chewed and formed into a bolus, it can proceed down the throat to the next stop in digestion. It will move down the pharynx where it reaches a “fork in the road”, with the larynx as one road and the esophagus as the other. The esophagus road leads to the stomach; this is the direction that food should go. The other road, through the larynx, leads to the trachea and ultimately the lungs. This is definitely not where you want your food or drink going, as this is the pathway for the air you breathe.
Fortunately, our body was designed in such a way that a small tissue, called the epiglottis, covers the opening to the trachea. It directs the food down the correct road as shown below.
Esophagus
Before being correctly guided into the esophagus, the bolus of food will travel through the upper esophageal sphincter. Sphincters are circular muscles that are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract that essentially serve as gates between the different sections. Once in the esophagus, wavelike muscular movements, known as peristalsis, occur, as shown in the animation and video in the links below.
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At the end of the esophagus the bolus will encounter the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter keeps the harmful acids of the stomach out of the esophagus. However, in many people this sphincter is leaky, which allows stomach acid to reflux, or creep up, the esophagus. Stomach acid is very acidic (has a low pH). The ruler below will give you an idea of just how acidic the stomach is. Notice that the pH of gastric (term used to describe the stomach) fluid is lower (more acidic) than any of the listed items besides battery acid.
The leaking of the very acidic gastric contents results in a burning sensation, commonly referred to as “heartburn.” If this occurs more than twice per week and is severe, the person may have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The following videos explain more about these conditions.
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Table 3.21 Review of Chemical Digestion in the Mouth
| Macronutrient | Action |
| Carbohydrates | Salivary amylase cleaves 1,4-glycosidic bonds |
| Lipids | Release of lingual lipase |
| Protein | None |
References & Links
1. Alan Hoofring, http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=4371
2. Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, editors. (2006) Modern nutrition in health and disease. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu01_head_neck.jpg
4. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/PH_scale.png
Link
Peristalsis – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peristalsis.gif
Videos
Peristalsis Animation – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o18UycWRsaA
Acid Reflux – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW-QfyDSY5I
GERD 101 – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqdOvZkrSYk&feature=rec-lis-watch-cur_emp-farside_rn