48 Glossary
Guardians of the Constitution and Individual Rights
appellate jurisdiction the power of a court to hear a case on appeal from a lower court and possibly change the lower court’s decision
common law the pattern of law developed by judges through case decisions largely based on precedent
judicial review the power of the courts to review actions taken by the other branches of government and the states and to rule on whether those actions are constitutional
Marbury v. Madison the 1803 Supreme Court case that established the courts’ power of judicial review and the first time the Supreme Court ruled an act of Congress to be unconstitutional
original jurisdiction the power of a court to hear a case for the first time
The Dual Court System
appellate court a court that reviews cases already decided by a lower or trial court and that may change the lower court’s decision
civil law a non-criminal law defining private rights and remedies
criminal law a law that prohibits actions that could harm or endanger others, and establishes punishment for those actions
dual court system the division of the courts into two separate systems, one federal and one state, with each of the fifty states having its own courts
trial court the level of court in which a case starts or is first tried
The Federal Court System
circuit courts the appeals (appellate) courts of the federal court system that review decisions of the lower (district) courts; also called courts of appeals
courts of appeals the appellate courts of the federal court system that review decisions of the lower (district) courts; also called circuit courts
district courts the trial courts of the federal court system where cases are tried, evidence is presented, and witness testimony is heard
precedent the principles or guidelines established by courts in earlier cases that frame the ongoing operation of the courts, steering the direction of the entire system
senatorial courtesy an unwritten custom by which the president consults the senators in the state before nominating a candidate for a federal vacancy there, particularly for court positions
stare decisis the principle by which courts rely on past decisions and their precedents when making decisions in new cases
The Supreme Court
amicus curiae literally a “friend of the court” and used for a brief filed by someone who is interested in but not party to a case
associate justice a member of the Supreme Court who is not the chief justice
brief a written legal argument presented to a court by one of the parties in a case
chief justice the highest-ranking justice on the Supreme Court
conference closed meeting of the justices to discuss cases on the docket and take an initial vote
docket the list of cases pending on a court’s calendar
oral argument words spoken before the Supreme Court (usually by lawyers) explaining the legal reasons behind their position in a case and why it should prevail
Rule of Four a Supreme Court custom in which a case will be heard when four justices decide to do so
solicitor general the lawyer who represents the federal government and argues some cases before the Supreme Court
writ of certiorari an order of the Supreme Court calling up the records of the lower court so a case may be reviewed; sometimes abbreviated cert.
Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court
concurring opinion an opinion written by a justice who agrees with the Court’s majority opinion but has different reasons for doing so
dissenting opinion an opinion written by a justice who disagrees with the majority opinion of the Court
judicial activism a judicial philosophy in which a justice is more likely to overturn decisions or rule actions by the other branches unconstitutional, especially in an attempt to broaden individual rights and liberties
judicial restraint a judicial philosophy in which a justice is more likely to let stand the decisions or actions of the other branches of government
majority opinion an opinion of the Court with which more than half the nine justices agree