149 Equilibrium in the Income-Expenditure Model

What you’ll learn to do: explain and find macro equilibrium in the income-expenditure model

Macro equilibrium in the income-expenditure model is found at the point where the level of GDP, or national income, equals aggregate expenditure. Graphically, this is easy to see as a point along the line that evenly divides the two axis on the graph. This line, called the 45 degree line, shows the only point on the aggregate expenditure line where the total quantity of goods and services being purchased (AD) equals the total quantity of goods and services being produced (AS). Read on to practice finding equilibrium in the income-expenditure model, then apply these principles to recessions and inflations in Keynesian policy.

The Aggregate Expenditure Function

Figure 1 shows the aggregate expenditure function, based on data in Table 1. As we showed in the last section, aggregate expenditure is the sum of consumption expenditure, investment expenditure, government expenditure and net export expenditure.

The Income = Expenditure Line

Figure 1 contains two lines that serve as conceptual guideposts to orient the discussion. The first is the aggregate expenditure line that we’ve already discussed. The second conceptual line on the Keynesian cross diagram is the line showing where national income = aggregate expenditure.  his line is mathematically the 45-degree line, which starts at the origin and reaches up and to the right. A line that stretches up at a 45-degree angle represents the set of points (1,1), (2,2), (3,3) and so on, where the measurement on the vertical axis is equal to the measurement on the horizontal axis. Thus in this diagram, the 45-degree line shows the set of points where the level of aggregate expenditure in the economy, measured on the vertical axis, is equal to the level of output or national income in the economy, measured by GDP on the horizontal axis. In short, this is our equilibrium condition. The combination of the aggregate expenditure line and the income=expenditure line (i.e. the 45 degree line) is the Keynesian Cross.

Where Equilibrium Occurs

Macro equilibrium occurs at the level of GDP where where the aggregate expenditure line crosses the 45-degree line (which shows all points where AE = Y). It is the only point on the aggregate expenditure line where the total quantity of goods and services being purchased (AD) equals the total quantity of goods and services being produced (AS). In Figure 1, this point of equilibrium (E₀) happens at 6,000, which can also be read off Table 1.

The meaning of “equilibrium” remains the same; that is, equilibrium is a point of balance where no incentive exists to shift away from that outcome. To understand why the point of intersection between the aggregate expenditure function and the 45-degree line is a macroeconomic equilibrium, consider what would happen if an economy found itself to the right of the equilibrium point E, say point H in Figure 2, where output is higher than the equilibrium. At point H, the level of aggregate expenditure is below the 45-degree line, so that the level of aggregate expenditure in the economy is less than the level of output. As a result, at point H, output is piling up unsold—not a sustainable state of affairs. Firms will respond by decreasing their level of production and GDP will fall.

Conversely, consider the situation where the level of output is at point L—where real output is lower than the equilibrium. In that case, the level of aggregate demand in the economy is above the 45-degree line, indicating that the level of aggregate expenditure in the economy is greater than the level of output. When the level of aggregate demand has emptied the store shelves, it cannot be sustained, either. Firms will respond by increasing their level of production and GDP will rise. Thus, the equilibrium must be the point where the amount produced and the amount spent are in balance, at the intersection of the aggregate expenditure function and the 45-degree line.