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1. Request Access
2. I Need Help
3. Module Introduction
4. Basic Objects in the Universe
5. Scale of the Cosmos
6. The Constellations
7. Other Patterns
8. Module Introduction
9. The Study of Science
10. What Time Is It?
11. Ancient Observations
12. Contributions to Science
13. The Wanderers
14. Claudius Ptolemy
15. Astronomy and Astrology
16. The Birth of Modern Astronomy
17. Observations of Motion: Brahe, Kepler, and Galilei
18. Observations of the Heavens: Galileo
19. The Mathematical Finish: Newton
20. Project: Tracking the Phases of the Moon
21. Making an Astrolab
22. Tracking the Moon Observation Log Example
23. Tracking Moon Observation Log
24. Phases of the Moon
25. Module Introduction
26. Motions of Objects
27. Our Night Sky
28. The Sun and the Moon
29. Seasons and Seasonal Changes
30. The Moon in our Skies
31. Eclipses
32. Module Introduction
33. Looking at a rainbow, what do you see?
34. Thermal Radiation
35. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
36. Spectra
37. Moving Objects, Spectra, and the Doppler Effect
38. Module Introduction
39. The Telescope
40. Early Telescopes
41. Telescopic Observations
42. Telescope Optical Types
43. Telescope Mounts
44. Images from the Telescope
45. Space-Based Telescopes
46. Light Pollution
47. Space-based Telescope
48. Hubble Space Telescope
49. Module Introduction
50. Our Solar System
51. The Nebular Theory
52. What is a Planet?
53. The Nebular Theory: Other Important Evidence
54. The Nebular Theory: Proplyds
55. Systems and Extrasolar Planets
56. The Discovery of Extrasolar Planets
57. The Kepler Mission
58. What We Have Learned about Stellar Systems and Extrasolar Planets?
59. The Circumstellar Habitable Zone
60. Some Interesting Exoplanets
61. Extrasolar Planets
62. Module Introduction
63. What do you think?
64. Comparing Planets
65. Rocky Planets
66. Craters
67. Planet Mercury
68. Planet Venus
69. Planet Earth
70. Earth’s Moon
71. Planet Mars
72. Snow on Mars
73. A Martian Controversy
74. Martian Moons
75. Characteristics of the Solar System’s Rocky Planets
76. Module Introduction
77. What do you think?
78. Gas Giant Planets
79. Rings
80. Planet Jupiter
81. Jupiter’s Satellites
82. Planet Saturn
83. Saturn's Rings
84. Saturn’s Satellites
85. Planet Uranus
86. Planet Neptune
87. Gas Giant Planets and Select Satellites Overviews
88. Module Introduction
89. What do you think?
90. Minor Bodies
91. Asteroids
92. Brightest Asteroids Visible from Earth
93. Asteroid Classification
94. Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites
95. Meteorites
96. The Impact of Meteorites
97. Comets
98. Comet Characteristics
99. Images of Comets
100. Comets in History
101. Scientific Advances
102. Halley’s Comet
103. A Comet Impacts a Planet
104. The Centaurs: Are they Asteroids or Comets?
105. Pluto
106. Eris
107. Trans-Neptunian objects, the Kuiper Belt, and the Oort Cloud
108. The Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt
109. Module Introduction
110. What do you think?
111. Fission and Fusion
112. Our Star, the Sun
113. How the Sun Works
114. A “Quick Guide” to Solar Fusion—The Proton-Proton Cycle
115. Solar Regions
116. Major Solar Features
117. Studying the Sun
118. The Dark Side of the Sun
119. The National Solar Observatory
120. NASA’s Heliophysics Science Division
121. Fiery Looping Rain on the Sun
122. Module Introduction
123. The Unknown in Astronomy
124. Star and Celestial Object Characteristics
125. Distances to the Stars and other Celestial Objects
126. Stellar Distances
127. Everything is Moving
128. How Close are the Close-by Stars?
129. Light-Years
130. Parsec Vs. Light-Year Measurement
131. Stellar and Celestial Object Brightness
132. Magnitude System
133. Celestial cartography
134. Planispheres
135. Star Colors
136. Spectral Type
137. Sample Spectral Types
138. The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
139. The Four Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Stellar Groups
140. Types of Star Systems and Stars
141. Variable Stars
142. Cepheids
143. Cataclysmic Variables
144. Star Clusters
145. Consider this…
146. The Life Cycle of Stars
147. Why Won't the Supernova Explode
148. 600 Mysteries in the Night Sky
149. Module Introduction
150. Stellar Evolution
151. Planetary Nebula
152. White Dwarfs and Neighbors
153. White Dwarf
154. Low-Mass Stars
155. Star Life
156. Neutron Star and Companion Star Scenario
157. High-Mass Star Stellar Endings
158. Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)
159. Stellar Mass
160. Stellar Birth
161. Neutron stars
162. Nova, Novae, and Supernova
163. High-Mass Stars
164. Module Introduction
165. Irregular Galaxies
166. Active Galaxies
167. Quasar-stellar Objects
168. Blazars: Quasar-like Object
169. Classification of Galaxies
170. What do you think?
171. Galaxies
172. The History of Studying Galaxies
173. Hubble’s Major Contributions
174. Hubble’s Law
175. Elliptical Galaxies
176. Spiral Galaxies
177. Galaxies, Distance, and Age
178. The Ages of Galaxies and What that Reveals
179. WIMPs and String Theory
180. Gravitational Lensing
181. Dark Matter
182. Galactic Groups
183. Module Introduction
184. Andromeda Galaxy
185. Galileo Galilei, First to See the Milky Way Galaxy
186. The Milky Way Galaxy’s Shape
187. X-Ray and Gamma-Ray of the Milky Way Galaxy
188. Earth’s Position within the Milky Way Galaxy
189. A Spinning Spiral
190. What do you think?
191. The Milky Way — Our Home Galaxy
192. Milky Way Galaxy Satellites
193. Milky Way Galaxy Research
194. Module Introduction
195. Beyond the Big Bang
196. What is Next for the Big Bang Theory?
197. Questions Regarding the Eventual Fate of the Universe
198. What do you think?
199. In the beginning…
200. Physical Cosmology
201. The Big Bang in Eras
202. The Planck Era
203. Big Bang Evidence
204. Recent Data on the Universe
205. Views on Creation
206. Religious or Philosophical Cosmology
207. Issues with the Big Bang
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