49 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Describe the effects of a magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor.
- Calculate the magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor.
We can derive an expression for the magnetic force on a current by taking a sum of the magnetic forces on individual charges. (The forces add because they are in the same direction.) The force on an individual charge moving at the drift velocity vd is given by F = qvdB sin θ. Taking B to be uniform over a length of wire l and zero elsewhere, the total magnetic force on the wire is then F = (qvdB sin θ)(N), where N is the number of charge carriers in the section of wire of length l. Now, N = nV, where n is the number of charge carriers per unit volume and V is the volume of wire in the field. Noting that V = Al, where A is the cross-sectional area of the wire, then the force on the wire is F = (qvdB sin θ) (nAl). Gathering terms,
[latex]F=(nqAv_{\text{d}})lB\sin\theta\\[/latex].
Because nqAvd = I (see Current),
[latex]F=IlB\sin\theta\\[/latex]
is the equation for magnetic force on a length l of wire carrying a current I in a uniform magnetic field B, as shown in Figure 2. If we divide both sides of this expression by l, we find that the magnetic force per unit length of wire in a uniform field is [latex]\frac{F}{l}=IB\sin\theta\\[/latex]. The direction of this force is given by RHR-1, with the thumb in the direction of the current I. Then, with the fingers in the direction of B, a perpendicular to the palm points in the direction of F, as in Figure 2.
Example 1. Calculating Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire: A Strong Magnetic Field
Calculate the force on the wire shown in Figure 1, given B = 1.50 T, l = 5.00 cm, and I = 20.0 A.
Strategy
The force can be found with the given information by using [latex]F=IlB\sin\theta\\[/latex] and noting that the angle θ between I and B is 90º, so that sin θ = 1.
Solution
Entering the given values into F = IlB sin θ yields
F = IlB sin θ = (20.0 A)(0.0500 m)(1.50 T)(1).
The units for tesla are [latex]1\text{ T}=\frac{\text{N}}{\text{A}\cdot\text{m}}\\[/latex]; thus,
Discussion
This large magnetic field creates a significant force on a small length of wire.
Magnetic force on current-carrying conductors is used to convert electric energy to work. (Motors are a prime example—they employ loops of wire and are considered in the next section.) Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is the technical name given to a clever application where magnetic force pumps fluids without moving mechanical parts. (See Figure 3.)
A strong magnetic field is applied across a tube and a current is passed through the fluid at right angles to the field, resulting in a force on the fluid parallel to the tube axis as shown. The absence of moving parts makes this attractive for moving a hot, chemically active substance, such as the liquid sodium employed in some nuclear reactors. Experimental artificial hearts are testing with this technique for pumping blood, perhaps circumventing the adverse effects of mechanical pumps. (Cell membranes, however, are affected by the large fields needed in MHD, delaying its practical application in humans.) MHD propulsion for nuclear submarines has been proposed, because it could be considerably quieter than conventional propeller drives. The deterrent value of nuclear submarines is based on their ability to hide and survive a first or second nuclear strike. As we slowly disassemble our nuclear weapons arsenals, the submarine branch will be the last to be decommissioned because of this ability (See Figure 4.) Existing MHD drives are heavy and inefficient—much development work is needed.
Section Summary
- The magnetic force on current-carrying conductors is given by
[latex]F=IlB\sin\theta\\[/latex]
where I is the current, l is the length of a straight conductor in a uniform magnetic field B, and θ is the angle between I and B. The force follows RHR-1 with the thumb in the direction of I.
Conceptual Questions
- Draw a sketch of the situation in Figure 1 showing the direction of electrons carrying the current, and use RHR-1 to verify the direction of the force on the wire.
- Verify that the direction of the force in an MHD drive, such as that in Figure 3, does not depend on the sign of the charges carrying the current across the fluid.
- Why would a magnetohydrodynamic drive work better in ocean water than in fresh water? Also, why would superconducting magnets be desirable?
- Which is more likely to interfere with compass readings, AC current in your refrigerator or DC current when you start your car? Explain.
Problems & Exercises
1. What is the direction of the magnetic force on the current in each of the six cases in Figure 5?
3. What is the direction of the magnetic field that produces the magnetic force shown on the currents in each of the three cases in Figure 7, assuming B is perpendicular to I?
5. (a) A DC power line for a light-rail system carries 1000 A at an angle of 30º to the Earth’s 5.00 × 10−5-T field. What is the force on a 100-m section of this line? (b) Discuss practical concerns this presents, if any.
7. A wire carrying a 30.0-A current passes between the poles of a strong magnet that is perpendicular to its field and experiences a 2.16-N force on the 4.00 cm of wire in the field. What is the average field strength?
8. (a) A 0.750-m-long section of cable carrying current to a car starter motor makes an angle of 60º with the Earth’s 5.50 × 10−5 T field. What is the current when the wire experiences a force of 7.00 × 10−3 N? (b) If you run the wire between the poles of a strong horseshoe magnet, subjecting 5.00 cm of it to a 1.75-T field, what force is exerted on this segment of wire?
9. (a) What is the angle between a wire carrying an 8.00-A current and the 1.20-T field it is in if 50.0 cm of the wire experiences a magnetic force of 2.40 N? (b) What is the force on the wire if it is rotated to make an angle of 90º with the field?
Selected Solutions to Problems & Exercises
1. (a) west (left)
(b) into page
(c) north (up)
(d) no force
(e) east (right)
(f) south (down)
3. (a) into page
(b) west (left)
(c) out of page
5. (a) 2.50 N (b) This is about half a pound of force per 100 m of wire, which is much less than the weight of the wire itself. Therefore, it does not cause any special concerns.
7. 1.80 T
9. (a) 30º (b) 4.80 N