8 Glossary
Glossary
applied science: a form of science that solves real-world problems
atom: a basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down by normal chemical reactions
basic science: science that seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge
biology: the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments
biosphere: a collection of all ecosystems on Earth
cell: the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things
community: a set of populations inhabiting a particular area
control: a part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment
deductive reasoning: a form of logical thinking that uses a general statement to forecast specific results
descriptive science: a form of science that aims to observe, explore, and find things out
ecosystem: all living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment
eukaryote: an organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
evolution: the process of gradual change in a population that can also lead to new species arising from older species
falsifiable: able to be disproven by experimental results
homeostasis: the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
hypothesis-based science: a form of science that begins with a specific explanation that is then tested
hypothesis: a suggested explanation for an event, which can be testedinductive reasoninga form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion
life science: a field of science, such as biology, that studies living things
macromolecule: a large molecule typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules
molecule: a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond
natural science: a field of science that studies the physical world, its phenomena, and processes
organ: a structure formed of tissues operating together to perform a common function
organ system: the higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs
organelle: a membrane-bound compartment or sac within a cell
organism: an individual living entity
peer-reviewed article: a scientific report that is reviewed by a scientist’s colleagues before publication
phylogenetic tree: a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both
physical science: a field of science, such as astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter
population: all individuals within a species living within a specific area
prokaryote: a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle
science: knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method
scientific law: a description, often in the form of a mathematical formula, for the behavior of some aspect of nature under certain specific conditions
scientific method: a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation
scientific theory: a thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena
tissue: a group of similar cells carrying out the same function
variable: a part of an experiment that can vary or change
Section Summary
Themes and Concepts of Biology
Biology is the science of life. All living organisms share several key properties such as order, sensitivity or response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. Living things are highly organized following a hierarchy that includes atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Organisms, in turn, are grouped as populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Evolution is the source of the tremendous biological diversity on Earth today. A diagram called a phylogenetic tree can be used to show evolutionary relationships among organisms. Biology is very broad and includes many branches and sub disciplines. Examples include molecular biology, microbiology, neurobiology, zoology, and botany, among others.
The Process of Science
Biology is the science that studies living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments. Science attempts to describe and understand the nature of the universe in whole or in part. Science has many fields; those fields related to the physical world and its phenomena are considered natural sciences.
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation. A scientific theory is a well-tested and consistently verified explanation for a set of observations or phenomena. A scientific law is a description, often in the form of a mathematical formula, of the behavior of an aspect of nature under certain circumstances. Two types of logical reasoning are used in science. Inductive reasoning uses results to produce general scientific principles. Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that predicts results by applying general principles. The common thread throughout scientific research is the use of the scientific method. Scientists present their results in peer-reviewed scientific papers published in scientific journals.
Science can be basic or applied. The main goal of basic science is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge. The primary goal of applied research, however, is to solve practical problems.